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Post by 溪山 on Oct 5, 2019 0:09:19 GMT -5
William Morris (part 1) Arts and Crafts Movement wiki: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris威廉·莫里斯（William Morris，1834年3月24日－1896年10月3日），英國艺术与工艺美术运动的領導人之一。世界知名的家具、壁紙花樣和布料花紋的設計者兼畫家。他同時是一位小說家和詩人，也是英國社會主義運動的早起發起者之一。 生於倫敦旁邊的瓦瑟斯多。他出身富裕家庭，就讀於牛津大學埃克塞特學院，在那裡他受到約翰·拉斯金的影響，並結交了終身好友和合作夥伴但丁·加百利·羅塞蒂、愛德華·伯納-瓊斯、福德·馬多克斯·布朗（Ford Madox Brown）和菲利普·韋伯（Philip Webb）。他的妻子簡·伯登來自工人階級。他有兩個女兒，簡（暱稱珍妮）和瑪麗（梅）。 他的朋友但丁·加百利·羅塞蒂等人創建了前拉斐爾派，在繪畫上追求古典的復興，反對「後拉斐爾」時代的學院派機械式教學與畫風。威廉·莫裡斯亦是前拉斐爾兄弟會的一員，無論在繪畫與設計理念上都有追求古典、反對機械化的傾向。 1851年，於英國倫敦舉行的第一屆萬國博覽會，是當時極為盛大的活動，無論工業、政界、商界、藝術人士都相當重視，威廉·莫裡斯躬逢其盛，但看完展覽之後卻極為失望，他認為展出之工業品過於粗糙、制式，毫無美感可言。於是威廉·莫裡斯與魯斯金John Ruskin、普金Pugin等人主導了美術工藝運動（Art & Craft Movement），抵制工業製造品以及媚俗的矯飾藝術，而倡導手工藝的回歸，把工匠提升到藝術家的地位上。他認為藝術應當是平民可以承受的、手工的、誠實的。 1861年威廉·莫裡斯與朋友創立了「莫裡斯、馬修、福克納公司」，前期專門設計、製作中世紀與哥德式的傢俱與手工藝品，後期生產的傢俱大致分階級傢俱（state furniture）與日作傢俱（work-day furniture）兩大類別。最後在莫裡斯的堅持下，該公司的合夥人都離開公司，公司改名為莫裡斯公司，繼續製作、販賣莫裡斯所堅持的各種手工藝設計品。 1885年，威廉·莫裡斯與愛琳娜·馬克思、貝爾福特·巴克斯等人在英國共同創建了社會主義同盟。 1891年，威廉·莫裡斯成立了自己的出版社－柯姆史考特出版社（Kelmscott Press），並且將晚年大部分的時間投注於書本以及花樣的設計，其中的許多書本設計成為了歷史上的經典，例如《傑弗裡·喬叟作品集》的設計。 |
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Post by 溪山 on Oct 13, 2019 21:16:26 GMT -5
 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_House,_Bexleyheath 紅屋（Red House）是位於英格蘭倫敦東南部貝克里斯希斯的一座建築，也是美術工藝運動的代表性建築之一，設計於1859年，設計者是飛利浦·韋伯和威廉·莫里斯，竣工於1860年。紅屋是19世紀英國建築最重要的代表作之一，現在作為博物館對公眾開放。 Red House is a significant Arts and Crafts building located in the town of Bexleyheath in Southeast London, England. Co-designed in 1859 by the architect Philip Webb and the designer William Morris, it was created to serve as a family home for the latter, with construction being completed in 1860. Following an education at the University of Oxford, Morris decided to construct a rural house for himself and his new wife, Jane Morris, within a commuting distance of central London. Purchasing a plot of land in what at the time was the village of Upton in Kent, he employed his friend Webb to help him design and construct the house, financing the project with money inherited from his wealthy family. Morris was deeply influenced by Medievalism and Medieval-inspired Neo-Gothic styles are reflected throughout the building's design. It was constructed using Morris' ethos of craftsmanship and artisan skills and is an early example of what came to be known as the Arts and Crafts movement. A number of Morris' friends visited, most notably the Pre-Raphaelite painters Edward Burne-Jones and Dante Gabriel Rossetti, both of whom aided him in decorating the House; various Burne-Jones wall murals remain. While at Red House, Morris was involved in the formation of his design company, Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co., and embarked on his earliest wallpaper designs. It was also here that his two daughters, Jenny and May, were born. Although initially intending to live there for the rest of his life, Morris found that the house proved too expensive to run and did not suit his lifestyle. After five years, he moved his family to a flat in Queen Square, Bloomsbury and sold the property. Red House remained a private residence for various individuals from 1866 until 2002, during which period various alterations were made to the interior design. In 1950 it was designated a Grade I listed building by English Heritage. From 1952 to 1999 the architect Edward Hollamby lived at the House, initiating attempts at preservation and establishing the Friends of Red House charity in 1998. The House was purchased in 2003 for The National Trust, who have since undertaken a project of conservation and maintain it as a visitor's attraction with accompanying tea room and gift shop. |
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Post by 溪山 on Nov 2, 2019 1:33:50 GMT -5
 Dante Gabriel Rossetti: Pia de' Tolomei en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_MorrisJane Morris (née Burden, 19 October 1839 – 26 January 1914) was an English embroiderer and artists' model who embodied the Pre-Raphaelite ideal of beauty. She was a model and muse to William Morris (1834–1896), the English textile designer, poet, novelist, translator, and socialist activist, whom she later married, and to Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Her sister was the embroiderer and teacher Elizabeth Burden.
Burden's education was limited and she was probably destined to go into domestic service like her mother. After her engagement, she was privately educated to become a gentleman's wife. Her keen intelligence allowed her to recreate herself. She was a voracious reader who became proficient in French and Italian, and she became an accomplished pianist with a strong background in classical music. Her manners and speech became refined to an extent that contemporaries referred to her as "queenly." Later in life, she had no trouble moving in upper-class circles. She was possibly the model for the heroine of the 1884 novel Miss Brown by Vernon Lee upon which George Bernard Shaw based the character of Eliza Doolittle in his play Pygmalion (1914) and the later film My Fair Lady (1964). She also became a skilled needlewoman and later became renowned for her embroideries.
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