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Post by 边 草 on Mar 25, 2023 18:12:04 GMT -5
Until now, DeSantis served as a Rorschach test for Republicans. There was, conveniently, something in his record to please each of the party’s ideological factions, and he had every incentive to be all things to all Republicans for as long as he could get away with it.The Rorschach test is a projective psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both. Some psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning. It has been employed to detect underlying thought disorder, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly.[4] The test is named after its creator, Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach. The Rorschach can be thought of as a psychometric examination of pareidolia, the active pattern of perceiving objects, shapes, or scenery as meaningful things to the observer's experience, the most common being faces or other pattern of forms that are not present at the time of the observation. In the 1960s, the Rorschach was the most widely used projective test.(维基) 墨迹测验,或称为罗夏墨渍测验,是人格测验之一,由瑞士精神医生赫尔曼·罗夏(Hermann Rorschach)于1921年最先编制。 测验由10张有墨渍的卡片组成[4], 其中5张是白底黑墨水,2张是白底及黑色或红色的墨水,另外3张则是彩色的。受试者会被要求回答他们最初认为卡片看起来像什么及后来觉得像什么。心理学家再根据他们的回答及统计数据判断受试者的人格还有状态。这项测验从1939年开始被采用,最初被称为“人格投射测验”。注意,此测验并不能作为单一评断患者的测验,而只能作为附件提供给精神科医师参考。
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Post by 溪山 on Mar 31, 2023 0:57:31 GMT -5
聽起來和潛意識相關。
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Post by 边 草 on May 27, 2023 8:48:30 GMT -5
刚才路上新闻里听到这么一个词:survivorship bias。 据维基,“倖存者偏差或倖存者偏誤”,也称為生存者偏差,是一種邏輯謬誤,属于選擇偏差的一種。当過度關注「倖存」的人事物,从而造成忽略那些沒有倖存的(也可能因為無法觀察到),便会得出錯誤的結論。 1941年,美国哥伦比亚大学统计学亚伯拉罕·沃德教授( Abraham Wald)接受美國海軍的要求,运用他在统计方面的专业知识给出关于『飞机应该如何加强防护,才能降低被炮火击落的几率』的建议。沃德教授针对盟军的轰炸机遭受攻击后的相关数据,进行分析和研究后发现:机翼是整个飞机中最容易遭受攻击的位置,而发动机则是最少被攻击的位置。因此美國海軍指挥官认为『应该加强机翼的防护,因为这是最容易被击中的位置』,但是沃德教授给出的结论是『我们应该强化发动机的防护』。 沃德教授提出以下其加強機身防護意见的依据: 本次統計的樣本,僅包含没有因敵火射擊而墜毀並安全返航的轰炸机。 沃德教授假設所有中彈的彈著點應該會平均分布在機身各處,而能安全返航的轟炸機機身中彈數量較多的區域,是即使被擊中也比較不會導致墜機的部位。 機翼被击中很多次的轰炸机,大多數仍然能夠安全返航。 发动机彈孔較少的原因並非真的不容易中弹,而是一旦中弹,其生還并安全返航的可能性就微乎其微。(真知灼见!) 军方最终采取了教授提出的增加發動機防護的建議,后来证实该决策是完全正确的。這項研究對當時仍在發展初期的作業研究領域具有深遠的影響。
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Post by 溪山 on May 30, 2023 23:56:00 GMT -5
讚! 這個從前碰巧讀到過。
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Post by 边 草 on Sept 5, 2023 13:25:17 GMT -5
Dunning–Kruger effect邓宁-克鲁格:美国康乃尔大学的社会心理学家(大卫·邓宁和贾斯汀·克鲁格) “The Dunning–Kruger effect” is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. Some researchers also include the opposite effect for high performers: their tendency to underestimate their skills. In popular culture, the Dunning–Kruger effect is often misunderstood as a claim about general overconfidence of people with low intelligence instead of specific overconfidence of people unskilled at a particular task.
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