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Post by 溪山 on Sept 5, 2021 16:12:02 GMT -5
耶魯大學-心理學導論 01介紹
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Post by 边 草 on Sept 5, 2021 22:19:56 GMT -5
心理学是一门“软”科学,虽然它很难用货币来衡量计算它的产生,但是其重要性不能小觑。所以我觉得有必要开线。
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Post by 边 草 on Sept 5, 2021 22:25:43 GMT -5
频率错觉
频率错觉这个词,是由斯坦福大学和俄亥俄州立语言学教授Arnold Zwicky在2006年提出的。简单来说,就是“一旦发现,随处可见”。
频率错觉通俗地叫“巴德尔-迈因霍夫现象”,这个现象最初是由Terry Mullen提出的。
在1994年,他在给报纸某栏目写信时提及到一件事,说他第一次听说“巴德尔和迈因霍夫集团”(德国恐怖组织“赤色军团”),之后不久又从另一个渠道很巧合地看到了这个词。这个故事刊登之后,读者不断提交自己经历过的类似事件,这个现象也因此被命名为“巴德尔-迈因霍夫现象” 。
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Post by 边 草 on Sept 5, 2021 22:27:47 GMT -5
宜家效应The IKEA effect is a cognitive bias in which consumers place a disproportionately high value on products they partially created. The name refers to Swedish manufacturer and furniture retailer IKEA, which sells many items of furniture that require assembly. A 2011 study found that subjects were willing to pay 63% more for furniture they had assembled themselves, than for equivalent pre-assembled items. 宜家效应
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Post by 溪山 on Sept 6, 2021 1:03:41 GMT -5
宜家效應中有這麼一段: "Norton and his fellow researchers cited the Build-a-Bear product, which allows people to make their own teddy bears. Many consumers enjoy this option, even though they are charged a high price for a product for which, thanks to their labor, the manufacturer does not have to pay production costs." Build-a-Bear product -- 我家孩子小時去過這家店,收費確實不低。因為投入了自己的勞動,就有了附加value,很寶貝。"敝帚自珍"。
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Post by 溪山 on Sept 6, 2021 12:56:56 GMT -5
耶魯大學-心理學導論 02基礎:這是你的大腦
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Post by 边 草 on Sept 8, 2021 14:23:31 GMT -5
受害者心态
Victim mentality is an acquired personality trait in which a person tends to recognize or consider themselves as a victim of the negative actions of others, and to behave as if this were the case in the face of contrary evidence of such circumstances. Victim mentality depends on clear thought processes and attribution. In some cases, those with a victim mentality have in fact been the victim of wrongdoing by others or have otherwise suffered misfortune through no fault of their own. However, such misfortune does not necessarily imply that one will respond by developing a pervasive and universal victim mentality where one frequently or constantly perceives oneself to be a victim.
The term is also used in reference to the tendency for blaming one's misfortunes on somebody else's misdeeds, which is also referred to as victimism.
Victim mentality is primarily developed, for example, from family members and situations during childhood. Similarly, criminals often engage in victim thinking, believing themselves to be moral and engaging in crime only as a reaction to an immoral world and furthermore feeling that authorities are unfairly singling them out for persecution. (wiki)
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Post by 溪山 on Sept 9, 2021 1:16:07 GMT -5
Perpetual Victim: 3 Things You Need to Know About Victim Mentality and Blame Shifting
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Post by 溪山 on Sept 9, 2021 1:18:42 GMT -5
Victim playing : Victim playing (also known as playing the victim, victim card, or self-victimization) is the fabrication or exaggeration of victimhood for a variety of reasons such as to justify abuse of others, to manipulate others, a coping strategy, attention seeking or diffusion of responsibility. A person who repeatedly does this is known as a 'professional victim'. 扮演受害者 : 扮演受害者(Victim Playing)是一種為了多種理由而編造或誇大自己受害者身分的行為,這種行為常常用以合理化自己的虐待行為、用以操縱他人,或用作一種心理因應、尋求關注(Attention seeking)或卸責的手段。在英語中,一個常常扮演受害者的人又稱「專業受害者」(professional victim)。
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Post by 溪山 on Sept 10, 2021 1:10:48 GMT -5
教授提到了二元論(也屬於哲學範疇): Dualism in Descartes and Classical Philosophy
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Post by 边 草 on Sept 10, 2021 11:11:56 GMT -5
工具规律
Maslow's hammer, popularly phrased as "if all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail" and variants thereof, is from Abraham Maslow's The Psychology of Science, published in 1966. Maslow wrote: "I remember seeing an elaborate and complicated automatic washing machine for automobiles that did a beautiful job of washing them. But it could do only that, and everything else that got into its clutches was treated as if it were an automobile to be washed. I suppose it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail."
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Post by 李斯 on Sept 13, 2021 13:17:06 GMT -5
“三人成虎”算不算心理学现象?
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Post by 溪山 on Sept 13, 2021 23:33:23 GMT -5
這應當屬於社會心理學吧。顧兄無所不知:
三人成虎 / Woozle effect三人成虎,又稱以訛傳訛、眾口鑠金、曾參殺人、大臭鼠效应(英語:Woozle Effect)、引证证据(英語:Evidence by Citation)、大臭鼠(英語:Woozle),是指只有少數來源的不實宣稱因為一傳再傳而被當成事實,並可能演变成謠言和都市传说。 。。。。。。。。。
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Post by 边 草 on Sept 15, 2021 21:12:31 GMT -5
事后诸葛亮
Hindsight Bias
Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon or creeping determinism, is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they actually were. People often believe that after an event has occurred, they would have predicted or perhaps even would have known with a high degree of certainty what the outcome of the event would have been before the event occurred. Hindsight bias may cause distortions of memories of what was known or believed before an event occurred, and is a significant source of overconfidence regarding an individual's ability to predict the outcomes of future events. Examples of hindsight bias can be seen in the writings of historians describing outcomes of battles, physicians recalling clinical trials, and in judicial systems as individuals attribute responsibility on the basis of the supposed predictability of accidents. ------wiki
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Post by 边 草 on Sept 16, 2021 20:27:54 GMT -5
鸵鸟心态
“鸵鸟心态”是一种逃避现实的心理,也是一种不敢面对问题的懦弱行为。心理学通过研究发现,现代人面对压力大多会采取回避态度,明知问题即将发生也不去想对策,结果只会使问题更趋复杂、更难处理。就像鸵鸟被逼得走投无路时,就把头钻进沙子里。
鸵鸟心态在心理学又称鸵鸟综合症(Ostrich Syndrome,美国心理学家Elliot Weiner提倡)。鸵鸟在遭遇危险时会把头埋入沙坑,蒙蔽视线自以为安全,是种逃避现实、视若无睹、推卸责任、自欺欺人的心理。
鸵鸟的目光锐利,听觉灵敏,能觉察10千米外的敌人,且善于伪装。人们有时看到,当鸵鸟遇到猎人追捕或者危险临头时,就会伸长脖子,紧贴地面而卧,甚至将头钻在沙中,身体蜷曲一团,以其暗褐色羽毛伪装灌木丛或岩石等,这种现象,古代阿拉伯人就已有记载,人们把鸵鸟遇到敌情时,把头钻在沙中的滑稽行为形容为“鸵鸟政策”,用以讥讽那些在危险面前看不到危险的人。鸵鸟是世界上现存体积最大而又不能飞行的鸟类,体高2.5米,体重达150多公斤,有一双强有力的腿,奔跑速度每小时最快可达65公里。由于鸵鸟的生存环境缺水,而鸵鸟奔跑的耐力又差,所以,为了不让对手发现,鸵鸟有时便采取这种节约体能的自我隐藏方法。人们已经知道,鸵鸟遇到危险时只顾把头埋入沙堆中的说法是不真实的;但以讹传讹,却把对鸵鸟错误的认识当成一种有趣的人世现象的比照,形成了“鸵鸟政策”这一成语。鸵鸟政策是经济管理学中的名词,也常用于政治场合。鸵鸟政策指的就是在周围环境发生变化时,企业的管理政策不能及时随之变化,从而导致决策失误,也可以指一种回避现实的主观逃避政策,
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Post by 溪山 on Sept 16, 2021 22:59:37 GMT -5
似乎同the elephant in the room 有相似之處?
zt:
The expression "the elephant in the room (or "the elephant in the living room") is a metaphorical idiom in English for an important or enormous topic, question, or controversial issue that is obvious or that everyone knows about but no one mentions or wants to discuss because it makes at least some of them uncomfortable and is personally, socially, or politically embarrassing, controversial, inflammatory, or dangerous.
房间里的大象(Elephant in the room)是一个英语熟语,用来隐喻某件虽然明显却被集体视而不见、不做讨论的事情或者风险,抑或是一种不敢反抗争辩某些明显的问题的集体迷思。尽管这是一句英文熟语,中文中近年来也有使用或者提及。
这个短语指的是像大象一样显眼的东西或事情,在法律规范相当清楚,原本应当对这件事物总能形成处理办法的社会交流中,不知什么原因却好像被忽视了,抑或是指特定的社会背景、社会心理作用于更为宏观的环境中,使得人们对问题故意选择视而不见。
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Post by 溪山 on Sept 16, 2021 23:01:12 GMT -5
事后诸葛亮
Hindsight Bias Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon or creeping determinism, is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they actually were. People often believe that after an event has occurred, they would have predicted or perhaps even would have known with a high degree of certainty what the outcome of the event would have been before the event occurred. Hindsight bias may cause distortions of memories of what was known or believed before an event occurred, and is a significant source of overconfidence regarding an individual's ability to predict the outcomes of future events. Examples of hindsight bias can be seen in the writings of historians describing outcomes of battles, physicians recalling clinical trials, and in judicial systems as individuals attribute responsibility on the basis of the supposed predictability of accidents. ------wiki also called twenty-twenty hindsight.
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Post by 溪山 on Sept 16, 2021 23:02:20 GMT -5
耶魯大學-心理學導論 03基礎:佛洛依德
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Post by 边 草 on Sept 21, 2021 21:43:28 GMT -5
公正世界谬误
The just-world hypothesis or just-world fallacy is the cognitive bias that assumes that "people get what they deserve" - that actions will have morally fair and fitting consequences for the actor. For example, the assumptions that noble actions will eventually be rewarded and evil actions will eventually be punished fall under this hypothesis. In other words, the just-world hypothesis is the tendency to attribute consequences to—or expect consequences as the result of— either a universal force that restores moral balance or a universal connection between the nature of actions and their results. This belief generally implies the existence of cosmic justice, destiny, divine providence, desert, stability, and/or order. It is often associated with a variety of fundamental fallacies, especially in regard to rationalizing suffering on the grounds that the sufferers "deserve" it.
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Post by 边 草 on Oct 1, 2021 21:20:40 GMT -5
Recency illusion 新词错觉
维基:The recency illusion is the belief or impression that a word or language usage is of recent origin when it is long-established. The term was coined by Arnold Zwicky, a linguist at Stanford University primarily interested in examples involving words, meanings, phrases, and grammatical constructions. However, use of the term is not restricted to linguistic phenomena: Zwicky has defined it simply as, "the belief that things you have noticed only recently are in fact recent". According to Zwicky, the illusion is caused by selective attention.
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Post by 溪山 on Oct 1, 2021 23:35:27 GMT -5
"the belief that things you have noticed only recently are in fact recent" --- Things don't exist if I don't see them.
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Post by 溪山 on Oct 1, 2021 23:40:08 GMT -5
公正世界谬误The just-world hypothesis or just-world fallacy is the cognitive bias that assumes that "people get what they deserve" - that actions will have morally fair and fitting consequences for the actor. For example, the assumptions that noble actions will eventually be rewarded and evil actions will eventually be punished fall under this hypothesis. In other words, the just-world hypothesis is the tendency to attribute consequences to—or expect consequences as the result of— either a universal force that restores moral balance or a universal connection between the nature of actions and their results. This belief generally implies the existence of cosmic justice, destiny, divine providence, desert, stability, and/or order. It is often associated with a variety of fundamental fallacies, especially in regard to rationalizing suffering on the grounds that the sufferers "deserve" it. It is often associated with a variety of fundamental fallacies, especially in regard to rationalizing suffering on the grounds that the sufferers "deserve" it. --- 命該如此。 宿命論。 It is my fate. 《了凡四訓》談到運命,即命運可改. I am the master of my fate.
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Post by 溪山 on Oct 1, 2021 23:44:09 GMT -5
說到命運,巴納姆效應與算命相關:
巴納姆效應 Barnum effect/Forer effect巴納姆效應(英語:Barnum effect,是 Paul Meehl 為表對費尼爾司·泰勒·巴納姆的敬意而命名,又稱巴南效應、弗拉效應(英語:Forer effect))是一種心理現象,人們會對於他們認為是為自己量身訂做的一些人格描述給予高度準確的評價,而這些描述往往十分模糊及普遍,以致能夠放諸四海皆準適用於很多人身上。巴納姆效應能夠對於為何不少偽科學如占星學、占卜或心理測驗等被普遍接受的現象,提供一個十分完全的解釋。 心理學家弗拉(Bertram Forer)於1948年對學生進行一項人格測驗,並根據測驗結果分析。試後學生對測驗結果與本身特質的契合度評分,0分最低,5分最高。事實上,所有學生得到的「個人分析」都是相同的: “ 你祈求受到他人喜愛卻對自己吹毛求疵。雖然人格有些缺陷,大體而言你都有辦法彌補。你擁有可觀的未開發潛能尚未就你的長處發揮。看似強硬、严格自律的外在掩蓋着不安與憂慮的內心。許多時候,你嚴重的質疑自己是否做了對的事情或正確的決定。你喜歡一定程度的變動並在受限時感到不滿。你為自己是獨立思想者自豪並且不会接受沒有充分證據的言論。但你認為對他人過度坦率是不明智的。有些時候你外向、親和、善於交際,有些時候你卻內向、謹慎而沉默。你的一些抱負是不切實際的。 ” 結果平均評分為4.26,在評分之後才揭曉,弗拉是從星座與人格關係的描述中蒐集出這些內容。從分析報告的描述可見,很多語句是適用於任何人,這些語句後來以巴納姆命名為巴納姆語句。 在巴纳姆效应测试的另一个研究当中,学生们用的是明尼苏达多项人格问卷(MMPI),随后研究者对报告进行了评价。研究者们先写下了学生们个性的正确评估,但却给了学生们两份评估,其中一份是正确的评估和一份是假造的,也就是使用一些模糊的泛泛而谈的评估。在之后,学生们被问他们相信哪一份评估报告最能夠切合自身,有超过一半的学生(59%),选择了那份假的评估报告,而不是那份真实的。 巴纳姆效应又称为弗拉效应(Forer effect),只不过巴纳姆效应这个词的使用更频繁。这个词在1956年被一个美国的心理学家 Paul Meehl 在他所著作的文章“Wanted - A Good Cookbook”中所创建。他提到了某些对臭名昭彰的骗子企业家和商人的“伪成功”的心理测试的模糊的个性描述。 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
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Post by 边 草 on Apr 23, 2022 6:52:45 GMT -5
The Birdcage Effect : Will You Throw Your Bird Cage Or Buy A Bird For It?
鸟笼效应:在生活中,人们常常无意识被(广告)操控的情况就是鸟笼效应的体现。
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Post by 边 草 on Apr 27, 2022 22:38:07 GMT -5
Hawthorne effect
百度:霍桑效应,指的是在行为田野实验(Field Experiment)中,由于研究对象意识到自己正在被研究,而带来的方法上的人为效应。这种意识导致他们对于数据收集过程这一社会条件作出反应,而不是对于研究者试图研究的实验处理作出反应。类似于实验室研究中的“豚鼠效应“。 20世纪20 - 30年代,美国研究人员在芝加哥西方电力公司霍桑工厂进行的工作条件、社会因素和生产效益关系实验中,发现了实验者效应,称霍桑效应。实验第一阶段是工作条件和生产效益的关系,设为实验组和控制组。结果不管增加或控制照明度,实验组产量都上升,且照明度不变的控制组产量也增加。另外试验了其他因素,均看不出工作条件对生产效益的直接影响。第二阶段着重研究社会因素与生产效率关系。却发现生产效率的提高,主要是由于被实验者精神方面的变化。参与试验的人因受到各方关注,觉得自己是工厂的重要部分,从社会角度方面被激励,促进产量上升。这说明,当人受到公众关注或注视时,当一个人感觉到自己被重视时,学习等效率就会提升。受到更多人关注和赞赏的人,会更不断地进步。
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Post by 边 草 on May 1, 2022 21:47:47 GMT -5
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Post by 李斯 on Sept 2, 2022 5:19:37 GMT -5
破窗效应:
一个房子若窗户破了,无人修补,隔不久,其它窗户也会莫名其妙被人打破。同样,有人在街区某堵墙上涂鸦,如果没有及时被清洗掉,那么很快墙上就布满乱七八糟、不堪入目的东西。正如一个很干净的地方,人们会不好意思丢垃圾。若一旦地上有垃圾出现,人就会毫不犹疑地也丢,丝毫不觉羞愧。任何坏事,若最初没及时阻拦,形成风气后就难改了。就像河堤,一个小缺口没及时修补,可以崩坝,造成千百万倍的损失。情况究竟要坏到什么程度,人们就会自暴自弃任由坏到底,心理学家研究的就是这个“引爆点”。
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Post by 溪山 on Sept 6, 2022 1:45:16 GMT -5
破窗破國。
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Post by 边 草 on Oct 10, 2022 14:55:39 GMT -5
曼德拉效应 在心理学上,错误记忆( False memory)或虛假記憶是指一个人回忆起没有发生过的事情,或者回忆起的事情与实际发生的方式不同的现象。暗示性、激活相关信息、纳入错误信息和来源错误归因被认为是各种类型的错误记忆现象的几种机制。虚假的记忆有时会被多人分享。这有时被称为曼德拉效应,一个突出的例子来自2010年的一项研究,该研究对熟悉博洛尼亞中央車站时钟的人进行了调查,该时钟在1980年8月的博洛尼亚大屠杀爆炸事件中被损坏。在研究中,92%的受访者谎称自爆炸事件后时钟一直停摆,而事实上,时钟在袭击发生后不久就被修复了。几年后,时钟又被停了下来,并被设定为爆炸案的时间,以纪念和缅怀爆炸案。
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Post by 溪山 on Oct 11, 2022 0:37:23 GMT -5
False Memory: What You Need to Know : False memories aren’t rare. Everyone has them. They range from small and trivial, like where you swear you put your keys last night, to significant, like how an accident happened or what you saw during a crime.
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