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Post by 溪山 on Oct 13, 2019 2:01:17 GMT -5
What is Conspicuous Consumption? corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/conspicuous-consumption/The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen moglen.law.columbia.edu/LCS/theoryleisureclass.pdf Thorstein Veblen
Thorstein Veblen (30 July 1857 – 3 August 1929) was a Norwegian-American economist and sociologist, who during his lifetime emerged as a well-known critic of capitalism. In his best-known book, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), Veblen coined the concept of conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure. Historians of economics regard Veblen as the founding father of the institutional economics school. Contemporary economists still theorize Veblen's distinction between "institutions" and "technology", known as the Veblenian dichotomy. As a leading intellectual of the Progressive Era in the United States of America, Veblen attacked production for profit. His emphasis on conspicuous consumption greatly influenced economists who engaged in non-Marxist critiques of capitalism and of technological determinism. 托斯丹·邦德·范伯倫(英語:Thorstein Bunde Veblen,挪威語:Torsten Bunde Veblen,1857年7月30日-1929年8月3日),又譯為托斯丹·凡勃倫,生於美國威斯康辛州卡托(Cato),挪威裔美國人,經濟學家,被推崇為制度經濟學的創始者。著名作品為1899年出版的《有閒階級論》及1904年出版的《企業理論》(The Theory of Business Enterprise)。 《有閒階級論》(The Theory of the Leisure Class)是美國社會學家托斯丹·范伯倫在1899年出版的經濟學專著,書中提出炫耀性消費概念,批判19世紀末期的美國上流階級中,那些與企業密切往來的暴發戶,稱其為「有閒階級」(leisure class)。范伯倫認為,這些有閒階級透過消費非維生所需的時間與昂貴物品保持、展現身份地位,同時也脫離勞動關係,輕視普通勞動者的生產貢獻。並且,這個階級的消費習性將會影響其它階級,無形中成就一個浪費時間、金錢的社會風氣。 《有閒階級論》與當時其它社會學作品不同,它的焦點在於「消費」。往後的社會學理論的焦點也漸漸由「生產」轉為「消費」。 --- wiki
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Post by 溪山 on Apr 9, 2020 19:47:22 GMT -5
BBC: The Price of Fast Fashion
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Post by 溪山 on Apr 9, 2020 19:48:55 GMT -5
The Truth about Planned Obsolescence
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Post by 溪山 on Jun 2, 2020 16:08:05 GMT -5
How Fast Fashion Is Destroying the Planetwww.nytimes.com/2019/09/03/books/review/how-fast-fashion-is-destroying-the-planet.htmlMore than 60 percent of fabric fibers are now synthetics, derived from fossil fuels, so if and when our clothing ends up in a landfill (about 85 percent of textile waste in the United States goes to landfills or is incinerated), it will not decay. Nor will the synthetic microfibers that end up in the sea, freshwater and elsewhere, including the deepest parts of the oceans and the highest glacier peaks. Future archaeologists may look at landfills taken over by nature and discover evidence of Zara.
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Post by 溪山 on Jun 2, 2020 16:11:15 GMT -5
More than ever, our clothes are made of plastic. Just washing them can pollute the oceans.www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/9/19/17800654/clothes-plastic-pollution-polyester-washing-machinePolyester, nylon, acrylic, and other synthetic fibers — all of which are forms of plastic — are now about 60 percent of the material that makes up our clothes worldwide. Synthetic plastic fibers are cheap and extremely versatile, providing for stretch and breathability in athleisure, and warmth and sturdiness in winter clothes. These fibers contribute to ocean plastic pollution in a subtle but pervasive way: The fabrics they make — along with synthetic-natural blends — leach into the environment just by being washed. And these tiny fibers — less than 5 millimeters in length, with diameters measured in micrometers (one-thousandth of a millimeter) — can eventually reach the ocean. There, they’re adding to the microplastic pollution that’s accumulating in the food chain and being ingested by all sorts of marine wildlife, and even us. Most of the plastic that’s in the ocean, in terms of number of pieces, is not in the form of whole products like cups or straws, but instead broken-down shreds of plastic. Seemingly, wherever scientists look, they’re finding plastic fibers contaminating the environment. Often, plastic textile fibers are the dominant source of plastic pollution found in surveys. Plastic fibers have been found in the sediment surrounding beaches, in mangrove groves, and in Arctic ice — even in products we eat and drink. “The average person ingests over 5,800 particles of synthetic debris” a year, a recent paper in PLOS finds. And most of those particles are plastic fibers.
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Post by 溪山 on Jun 2, 2020 16:23:27 GMT -5
The clothes you donate don't always end up on people's backswww.mnn.com/lifestyle/recycling/stories/clothes-you-donate-dont-always-end-peoples-backsOnly 28 percent of people donate used clothing, and a mere 7 percent of people purchase used clothing With that kind of math, it's not so surprising that landfills — and not other people's closets — that become the final destination for the clothes. While fibers like cotton, linen, and silk are natural, they don't degrade in the same way as natural materials like food. "Natural fibers go through a lot of unnatural processes on their way to becoming clothing," Jason Kirby, CEO of the Sustainable Apparel Coalition told Newsweek. "They've been bleached, dyed, printed on, [and] scoured in chemical baths." When clothing that's received such heavy chemical treatment is burned in incinerators, harmful toxins are released into the air.
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Post by 溪山 on Jun 2, 2020 16:24:40 GMT -5
拥抱低碳生活,今年若无必要,不添新衣。
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