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Post by 溪山 on Feb 14, 2019 1:39:25 GMT -5
Utilitarianism is an ethical and philosophical theory that states that the best action is the one that maximizes utility, which is usually defined as that which produces the greatest well-being of the greatest number of people, and in some cases, sentient animals. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism, described utility as the sum of all pleasure that results from an action, minus the suffering of anyone involved in the action. Utilitarianism is a version of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. Unlike other forms of consequentialism, such as egoism and altruism, utilitarianism considers the interests of all beings equally.
Proponents of utilitarianism have disagreed on a number of points, such as whether actions should be chosen based on their likely results (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to rules that maximize utility (rule utilitarianism). There is also disagreement as to whether total (total utilitarianism), average (average utilitarianism) or minimum[1] utility should be maximized.
Though the seeds of the theory can be found in the hedonists Aristippus and Epicurus, who viewed happiness as the only good, the tradition of utilitarianism properly began with Bentham, and has included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R. M. Hare, David Braybrooke, and Peter Singer. It has been applied to social welfare economics, the crisis of global poverty, the ethics of raising animals for food and the importance of avoiding existential risks to humanity.
功利主義, 又译作效益主義,是一種倫理學之理論類型,认为最正確的行为是將效益達到最大。“效益”就是快樂,傾向得到最大快樂,而傾向避免痛苦就是正確。功利主义的创始人边沁将效用描述为一个行为所产生的所有快感的总和,减去参与此行为的所有人的痛苦。功利主义是一种結果主義,结果主义认为任何行为的结果都是对和错的唯一标准。与其他形式的结果主义(如利己主义)不同的是,功利主义平等地考虑所有受牽連的人的利益,乃至有些更顧及動物之利益。
功利主义的拥护者在一些问题上意见不一,例如施事者是应该根据其可能的结果选择行为 (行为功利主义),还是应该遵守效用最大化的规则(規則功利主義)。对于总效用还是平均效用应该最大化也存在分歧。
虽然该理论的先驱可以追溯到认为幸福是唯一美好的事情的享乐主义者亞里斯提卜和伊比鳩魯,但功利主义的传统真正开始于边沁,相关哲学家有约翰·斯图尔特·密尔、亨利·西季威克、R. M. Hare、大卫·布雷布鲁克和彼得·辛格。功利主义已被应用于社会福利经济学、全球贫困危机和动物饲养伦理等。
--- wiki
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Post by 溪山 on Feb 16, 2019 19:57:08 GMT -5
功利主义“功利主义(utilitarianism)认为人应该做出能“达到最大善”的行为,所谓最大善的计算则必须依靠此行为所涉及的每个个体之苦乐感觉的总和,其中每个个体都被视为具相同份量,且快乐与痛苦是能够换算的,痛苦仅是“负的快乐”。不同于一般的伦理学说, 功利主义不考虑一个人行为的动机与手段,仅考虑一个行为的结果对最大快乐值的影响。能增加最大快乐值的即是善;反之即为恶。” 所谓不管黑猫白猫抓住老鼠就是好猫,大概应当归于“功利主义”。 西方哲学界大多不待见功利主义。
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Post by 溪山 on Feb 16, 2019 20:00:29 GMT -5
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Post by 溪山 on Feb 16, 2019 20:04:35 GMT -5
Ace in the Hole - Old Film in 1951 ----倒扣的王牌 en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ace_in_the_Hole_(1951_film)Charles Tatum quotes: Bad news sells best. Cause good news is no news. How'd you like to make a thousand dollars a day, Mr. Boot? I'm a thousand-dollar-a-day newspaperman. You can have me for nothing. I've done a lot of lying in my time. I've lied to men who wear belts. I've lied to men who wear suspenders. But I'd never be so stupid as to lie to a man who wears both belt and suspenders. It's a good story today. Tomorrow, it'll be yesterday's news and they'll wrap a fish in it. I can handle big news and little news. And if there's no news, I'll go out and bite a dog.
Lorraine Minosa quotes: I've met a lot of hard-boiled eggs in my time, but you--you're twenty minutes. I don't pray. Kneeling bags my nylons.
Reporter: We're all in the same boat here. Charles Tatum: I'm in the boat. You're in the water. Now let's see how you can swim.
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Post by 溪山 on Feb 27, 2019 1:33:05 GMT -5
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Post by 溪山 on Feb 6, 2020 1:28:45 GMT -5
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Post by Immanuel on Feb 6, 2020 7:18:52 GMT -5
Reminds me of this: ““And I will pour out on the house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem a spirit of grace and supplication. They will look on me, the one they have pierced, and they will mourn for him as one mourns for an only child, and grieve bitterly for him as one grieves for a firstborn son. On that day the weeping in Jerusalem will be as great as the weeping of Hadad Rimmon in the plain of Megiddo. The land will mourn, each clan by itself, with their wives by themselves: the clan of the house of David and their wives, the clan of the house of Nathan and their wives, the clan of the house of Levi and their wives, the clan of Shimei and their wives, and all the rest of the clans and their wives.” Zechariah 12:10-14 NIV www.bible.com/bible/111/zec.12.10-14.niv““On that day a fountain will be opened to the house of David and the inhabitants of Jerusalem, to cleanse them from sin and impurity. “On that day, I will banish the names of the idols from the land, and they will be remembered no more,” declares the Lord Almighty. “I will remove both the prophets and the spirit of impurity from the land.” Zechariah 13:1-2 NIV www.bible.com/bible/111/zec.13.1-2.niv
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Post by Immanuel on Feb 6, 2020 7:23:14 GMT -5
And this: “ We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. “ www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript
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Post by 溪山 on Feb 7, 2020 0:20:17 GMT -5
And this: “ We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, --That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. “ www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript"whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it" 武汉肺炎:最早公开疫情“吹哨人”李文亮去世 www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-51403740”我将深味这非人间的浓黑的悲凉;以我的最大哀痛显示于非人间,使它们快意于我的苦痛,就将这作为后死者的菲薄的祭品,奉献于逝者的灵前。“ -- 鲁迅
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Post by Immanuel on Feb 7, 2020 2:20:38 GMT -5
#有感
长歌当哭又此时, 晏清未证只黍离。 当年决河水比寇, 如今围城冠加尺。 百花杀来春事尽, 万国庆后天意违。 夜坐涯角心蹈浪, 滑稽方朔井无史。
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Post by 溪山 on Feb 8, 2020 2:19:35 GMT -5
谢谢文远!
哀。愿勇士之灵拯救苍生。。。。。。
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Post by 溪山 on Aug 29, 2020 1:28:16 GMT -5
Presidio Modelo 这种圆形监狱的设计者是功利主义的奠基人杰里米·边沁 Jeremy Bentham. wiki: The Presidio Modelo was a "model prison" with panopticon design, built on Isla de Pinos (now the Isla de la Juventud) in Cuba. It is located in the suburban quarter of Chacón, Nueva Gerona. 圆形监狱(英語:Panopticon,又称环形监狱、全景监狱)是一種監獄的設計方式,设计者是英国哲学家杰里米·边沁,于1785年提出。 该建筑由一个圆形大厅组成,其中间设有百叶窗检查室。这种设计允许一个警卫监视该监狱的所有囚犯,而囚犯则不知道自己是否受到监视。尽管单一警卫不可能在同一时刻观察所有囚犯的牢房,但囚犯不知何时会受到检查,只有假设自己无时无刻不被监视,因此他们被有效地强迫自己规范自己的行为。 一種設計為如右圖所示:四周的環形建筑分隔成一個個囚室,囚室的一端面向外界,用于採光,另一端面向中間一座用于監視的高塔,這樣這座高塔中的監視人員可以時刻監視到任何一间囚室,而囚室中的犯人因為逆光效果,無法看到監視人員,會疑心自己時刻受到監視,惶惶不可終日。這樣可以減少監視人員的數量。 监狱的犯人会被要求进行一些体力劳动,例如走在一个驱动织布机或水车的大轮子上,使得监狱有一定的收入。 边沁描述它为︰ “ 一种新的監視形式,其力量之大是前所未見的。 ” —— 杰里米·边沁
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