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Post by 溪山 on Sept 22, 2018 16:48:35 GMT -5
really enjoyed watching it!
Lec 1 | MIT 9.00SC Introduction to Psychology, Spring 2011
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Post by 溪山 on Sept 29, 2018 1:22:42 GMT -5
How our minds make our worlds what we see? The Kuleshov Effect pops into my head:
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Post by 溪山 on Oct 4, 2018 0:43:16 GMT -5
www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-hindsight-bias-2795236hindsight bias 事后诸葛亮 The hindsight bias is often referred to as the "I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon." It involves the tendency people have to assume that they knew the outcome of an event after the outcome has already been determined. So what exactly causes this bias to happen? Researchers suggest that three key variables interact to contribute to this tendency to see things as more predictable than they really are. First, people tend to distort or even misremember their earlier predictions about an event. As we look back on our earlier predictions, we tend to believe that we really did know the answer all along. Second, people have a tendency to view events as inevitable. When assessing something that has happened, we tend to assume that it was something that was simply bound to occur. Finally, people also tend to assume that they could have foreseen certain events.
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Post by 溪山 on Oct 13, 2018 18:22:18 GMT -5
Theories of selective attention | Processing the Environment | MCAT | Khan Academy sites.psu.edu/pscyh256su15/2015/07/14/magic-a-simple-game-of-attention/
Magic: A simple game of attentionMagic. We have all been awed and inspired by magic at some point in our lives. From childhood to adulthood, our imaginations have been fascinated and mesmerized by this entity called magic. I can still remember watching David Copperfield on the television and thinking to myself how awesome he was to be able to perform such acts. A single blink of the eye and intrigue becomes the question of how did he do that? With magic, we are left wondering what happened or did we miss something? Does magic involve special powers or is it a simple game of attention? Attention is our ability to focus on a particular object or task. In truth, magic tricks have everything to do with how well people pay attention. Macknik et al. (2008) confirms “magicians have explored the techniques that most effectively divert attention or exploit the shortcomings of human vision and awareness.” (para. 1) Magicians prey on the idea that people cannot simultaneously focus their attention on multiple tasks, which is what makes magic so amazing! When we are shown a trick, we pay we pay attention to the hands of the magician in an attempt to try and catch what he is doing. When we do this we are utilizing our selective attention. We are not focused on what else may be happening around us, but only on what we select to focus our attention on. This could also lead us into many other visual flaws in our attention, such as inattentional or change blindness. Let us say a magician shows us a deck of cards, all with red backs and tells us there is something different on one of the cards and we fail to find it we have experienced change blindness. Likewise in the same case, the magician shows us a deck of cards, all with red backs, but does not tell us there is something different on one of the cards, although there is. While looking through the cards our attention is focused on everyone else looking through their cards and we miss the card that was different, we have experienced inattentional blindness. Jensen et al. (2011) adds “Change blindness and inattentional blindness both document a surprising failure to notice something that occurred right before our eyes” (p. 13). These and other visual attention errors provide magicians with great springboards to create magic tricks. To conclude, magic does not involve special powers, but is in fact is a game of attention. Audiences around the world attend the shows of David Copperfield, Penn and Teller and Chris Angel. But are these magicians really good at what they do or are we just really bad at paying attention? Collectively, this is the idea we know as magic. References Jensen, Melinda S., Yao, Richard., Street, Whitney., Simmons , Daniel J. (Mar 01 2011) Change blindness and inattentional blindness. COGNITIVE SCIENCE. 2(5). doi: 10.1002/wcs.130 Macknik, Stephen L., King, Mac., Randi, James., Robbins, Apollo., Teller, John., Martinez-Conde, Thompson, Susana., (November 2008) Attention and awareness in stage magic: turning tricks into magic. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 871-879. doi:10.1038/nrn2473 |
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Post by 溪山 on Oct 15, 2018 0:39:30 GMT -5
可以偷药救人一命吗？
Lawrence Kohlberg's levels of moral thinking
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Post by 溪山 on Oct 21, 2018 16:55:18 GMT -5
Sensory adaptation 感觉适应 --- ， 感觉迟钝，审美疲劳 ：）
the sensory receptors are alert to novelty. 喜新厌旧的视觉 ：）
Sensory adaptation | Processing the Environment | MCAT | Khan Academy
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Post by 溪山 on Oct 21, 2018 17:10:49 GMT -5
to see is to believe? or to believe is to see? to believe is to hear? --- 先入为主
Perceptual Set
Perceiving is Believing - Crash Course Psychology #7
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Post by 溪山 on Nov 12, 2018 22:03:20 GMT -5
www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Adaptation-Level+Phenomenon"Adaptation-Level Phenomenon is the tendency people have to quickly adapt to a new situation, until that situation becomes the norm. Once the new situation is normal, another new experience is needed -- it constantly raises the level for what is new or exciting as each new thing becomes the norm. " ---- Never enough. 人往高处走？  Louis C.K.- Adaptation Level Phenomenon
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Post by 溪山 on Nov 12, 2018 22:12:44 GMT -5
www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Relative+DeprivationRelative Deprivation --- 人比人气死人   We all have people to whom we compare ourselves. Don't worry, it's natural. But relative deprivation is when you have the perception that you are worse off than these other people you compare yourself to. Having this feeling typically leads to frustration.
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Post by 溪山 on Nov 24, 2018 18:00:29 GMT -5
memory, memory, memory three-stage process of memory  |
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Post by 溪山 on Nov 24, 2018 18:28:25 GMT -5
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Post by 溪山 on Nov 24, 2018 18:37:59 GMT -5
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Post by 溪山 on Nov 24, 2018 19:26:06 GMT -5
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Post by 溪山 on Nov 24, 2018 19:30:00 GMT -5
Remembering and Forgetting - Crash Course Psychology #14
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Post by 溪山 on Nov 24, 2018 21:46:19 GMT -5
www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/am-i-right/201307/your-memory-isnt-what-you-think-it-isYour Memory Isn't What You Think It Is -- Memories change each time we remember ( the so called memory reconsolidation) by Arthur Dobrin D.S.W. Who hasn’t experienced something like this with old friends? ‘That was a great day in the park.’ ‘No, it was the beach.’ ‘It rained.’ ‘There was sun.’ ‘We wore overcoats.’ ‘We went without shoes.’ It is our friend’s memory that is faulty, not ours we say. We are certain we’re right because the picture is so clear to us. We may forget much about what happened, but what we do remember we are sure is correct. Of course, our friends believe the same about their memories. Now Daniela Schiller, of Mt. Sinai School of Medicine and her former colleagues from New York University give us a new insight into the nature of memory. Not only are our memories faulty (anyone who has uncovered old diaries knows that), but more importantly Schiller says our memories change each time they are recalled. What we recall is only a facsimile of things gone by. Schiller says that memories are malleable constructs that are reconstructed with each recall. We all recognize that our memories are like Swiss cheese; what we now know is that they are more like processed cheese. What we remember changes each time we recall the event. The slightly changed memory is now embedded as “real,” only to be reconstructed with the next recall. One implication of Schiller’s work is that memory isn’t like a file in our brain but more like a story that is edited every time we tell it. To each re-telling there are attached emotional details. So when the story is altered feelings are also reshaped. Schiller says, “My conclusion is that memory is what you are now. Not in pictures, not in recordings. Your memory is who you are now.” So if we tell our stories differently, the emotions that are elicited will also differ. An altered story is also an altered interior life. In his MIT Technology Review article about this work, Stephen S. Hall writes that Schiller’s work “suggests radical nonpharmacological approaches to treating pathologies like post-traumatic stress disorder, other fear-based anxiety disorders, and even addictive behaviors.” In an intriguing way, Schiller’s highly technical work on the biological functioning of the brain brings us back to an earlier time when talking therapy held sway and the humanities for psychological healing were as valued as the hard sciences. We’ll have to see how far this new direction will take us.
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Post by 溪山 on Nov 24, 2018 22:02:55 GMT -5
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Post by 溪山 on Nov 25, 2018 23:14:10 GMT -5
Confirmation Bias: Your Brain is So Judgmental
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Post by 溪山 on Nov 29, 2018 22:58:41 GMT -5
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Post by 溪山 on Dec 15, 2018 23:16:23 GMT -5
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs 馬斯洛的需求層次理論 "人類的需求是以層次的形式出現的，由低級的需求開始，逐級向上發展到高級層次的需求。當一組需求得到滿足時，這組需求就不再成為激勵因素了。" --- wiki 
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Post by 溪山 on Dec 15, 2018 23:36:09 GMT -5
Maslow 在过世前还为他的pyramid 加盖了最顶层： self-transcendence ( 没找到包括self-transcendence 的网图）。
我个人认为最底层的基本需求还应当添加"air". 没有空气，何以生存。 地球空气污染愈来愈严重，真是令人担忧。
当然在 Maslow（April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970）的年代，空气污染 was not an issue, I suppose.
Maslow 认为，人只有满足了底层需求，才能追求更高需求。高层需求大概也包括民主等等。
我们老祖宗说， “仓廪实而知礼节，衣食足而知荣辱”， 亦为同理。 现代话大概是先知饱暖，再谈精神追求。
我个人理解，这个金字塔也可以视为人一生从幼年，青年，到中年，到老年，在各个不同阶段的需求。
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Post by 溪山 on Dec 19, 2018 22:27:03 GMT -5
The Stanford Prison Experiment en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_prison_experimentwww.simplypsychology.org/zimbardo.html...... An End to the Experiment Zimbardo (1973) had intended that the experiment should run for a fortnight, but on the sixth day it was terminated. Christina Maslach, a recent Stanford Ph.D. brought in to conduct interviews with the guards and prisoners, strongly objected when she saw the prisoners being abused by the guards. Filled with outrage, she said, "It's terrible what you are doing to these boys!" Out of 50 or more outsiders who had seen our prison, she was the only one who ever questioned its morality. Zimbardo (2008) later noted, “It wasn't until much later that I realized how far into my prison role I was at that point -- that I was thinking like a prison superintendent rather than a research psychologist.“ Conclusion People will readily conform to the social roles they are expected to play, especially if the roles are as strongly stereotyped as those of the prison guards. ....... |
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Post by 溪山 on Dec 19, 2018 22:28:45 GMT -5
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Post by 溪山 on Dec 19, 2018 22:31:17 GMT -5
Oskar Schindler: Power is when we have every justification to kill, and we don't.
Amon Goeth: You think that's power?
Oskar Schindler: That's what the Emperor said. A man steals something, he's brought in before the Emperor, he throws himself down on the ground. He begs for his life, he knows he's going to die. And the Emperor... pardons him. This worthless man, he lets him go.
Amon Goeth: I think you are drunk.
Oskar Schindler: That's power, Amon. That is power.
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Post by 溪山 on Dec 24, 2018 1:04:42 GMT -5
【Milgram experiment】
實驗者（E）（有時會是米爾格倫）命令“老師”（T）為“學生”（L）給予“電擊”，扮演“老師”的參與者被告知這樣做真的會使“學生”遭受痛苦的電擊，但實際上“學生”是實驗的一名助手所扮演的。參與者相信“學生”每次回答錯誤都真的會遭受電擊，但其實並沒有真的施刑。在與參與者隔離以後，助手會設置一套錄音機，而該錄音機則由“老師”的“電擊產生器”所操控，並會根據電擊程度而播出不同預製錄音。
米爾格倫實驗（英语：Milgram experiment），又稱權力服從研究（Obedience to Authority Study）是一個針對社会心理学非常知名的科學實驗。實驗的概念最先開始於1963年由耶魯大學心理學家斯坦利·米尔格拉姆在《變態心理學雜誌》（Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology）裡所發表的《Behavioral Study of Obedience》一文，稍後也在他於1974年出版的《Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View》裡所討論。這個實驗的目的，是為了測試受測者，在面對權威者下達違背良心的命令時，人性所能發揮的拒絕力量到底有多少。
實驗開始於1961年7月，也就是納粹黨徒阿道夫·艾希曼被抓回耶路撒冷審判並被判處死刑後的一年。米爾格倫設計了這個實驗，便是為了測試“艾希曼以及其他千百萬名參與了猶太人大屠殺的納粹追隨者，有沒有可能只是單純的服從了上級的命令呢？我們能稱呼他們為大屠殺的兇手嗎？”
............
--- wiki
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Post by 溪山 on Dec 29, 2018 1:36:01 GMT -5
"服从命令是军人的天职" (中国电影) Drill Sergeant: Gump! What's your sole purpose in this army? Forrest Gump: To do whatever you tell me, drill sergeant! Drill Sergeant: Goddammit, Gump! You're a goddamned genius! -- Forest Gump Col. Kilgore: "I love the smell of napalm in the morning. Col. Kilgore: "If I say it's safe to surf this beach, Captain, then it's safe to surf this beach!" Col. Kurtz: "The horror ... the horror." --- Apocalypse Now 。。。。。。。。。。。。 “One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.”
― Martin Luther King Jr.
“I became convinced that noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good."
― Martin Luther King Jr., The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr.
“An unjust law is itself a species of violence. Arrest for its breach is more so. Now the law of nonviolence says that violence should be resisted not by counter-violence but by nonviolence. This I do by breaking the law and by peacefully submitting to arrest and imprisonment.”
― Mahatma Gandhi, Non-violence in Peace and War 1942-49
Civil Disobedience
By Henry David Thoreau
xroads.virginia.edu/~hyper2/thoreau/civil.html
"If the injustice is part of the necessary friction of the machine of government, let it go, let it go: perchance it will wear smooth- certainly the machine will wear out. If the injustice has a spring, or a pulley, or a rope, or a crank, exclusively for itself, then perhaps you may consider whether the remedy will not be worse than the evil; but if it is of such a nature that it requires you to be the agent of injustice to another, then, I say, break the law."
Gandhi - Trailer (1982)
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Post by 溪山 on Feb 9, 2019 1:30:26 GMT -5
Self-serving bias ---- 功劳归自己，错失怪别人 ：）
“A self-serving bias is any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem, or the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner.
自利性偏差是一种心理学现象，即人们通常将自己的成功归因于自己的性格特质，而将自己的失败归因于环境影响[，而对他人则正好相反。”
--- wiki
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Post by 溪山 on Feb 9, 2019 1:45:28 GMT -5
"If Al Capone, "Two Gun" Crowley, Dutch Schultz, and the desperate men and women behind prison walls don't blame themselves for anything -- what about the people with whom you and I come in contact? " --- from How to Win Friends and Influence People BY DALE CARNEGIE 作家犀利。“自利性偏差”原是人性之一。 images.kw.com/docs/2/1/2/212345/1285134779158_htwfaip.pdf |
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