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Post by 花雨 on May 19, 2018 23:42:14 GMT -5
Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium in Athens in the early 3rd century BC. It was heavily influenced by certain teachings of Socrates, while stoic physics are largely drawn from the teachings of the philosopher Heraclitus. Stoicism is predominantly a philosophy of personal ethics informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world. According to its teachings, as social beings, the path to happiness for humans is found in accepting this moment as it presents itself, by not allowing ourselves to be controlled by our desire for pleasure or our fear of pain, by using our minds to understand the world around us and to do our part in nature's plan, and by working together and treating others fairly and justly.
斯多葛主義(英語:Stoicism),斯多葛又譯斯多噶或斯多亞,古希臘和羅馬帝國思想流派,哲學家芝諾於西元前3世紀早期創立,在雅典時他常「在門廊」(希臘語發音為斯多噶)講學,傳人有克雷安德與克呂西普;在羅馬帝國,代表思想家有塞內卡、愛比克泰德與馬爾庫斯·奧列里烏斯。斯多噶派學說以倫理學為重心,秉持泛神物質一元論,強調神、自然與人為一體,「神」是宇宙靈魂和智慧,其理性滲透整個宇宙。個體小「我」必須依照自然而生活,愛人如己,融合於與整個大自然。
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Post by 花雨 on May 19, 2018 23:42:36 GMT -5
Introduction to Stoicism
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Post by 花雨 on May 19, 2018 23:44:21 GMT -5
philosophadam.wordpress.com/2011/03/12/it-is-not-things-in-themselves-that-trouble-us-but-our-interpretations-of-them/(ADAM J. PEARSON) The Ancient Roman philosopher Epictetus once wrote that “It is not things in themselves that trouble us, but our opinions of things.” Commenting on these wise words, Dorothy Rowe, psychologist and emeritus associate of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said that “in other words, it is not what happens to us that determines our behavior but how we interpret what happens to us. Thus, when facing a disaster, one person might interpret it as a challenge to be mastered, another as a certain defeat, while a third might see it as the punishment he or she deserves. Crucially, the decisions about what to do follow from the interpretation each person has made” (2010). These words are all too true; our own interpretations can lead us to view the same object in contradictory ways. As we interpret, so do we react. It is for this reason that Epictetus and the other Stoic philosophers recommended a cool-headed, serene, patient, and accepting approach to daily life, for such an approach, they thought, would lead us to make the least troubling interpretations. Strong responses of anger, bitterness, denial, aversion, clinging, craving, etc., would be minimized and with them, the suffering that usually follows from their presence. Did they intend this philosophy for everyone? My response to this question is that it is significant that the two greatest philosophers in Ancient Rome were an emperor, Marcus Aurelius, and a slave, Epictetuts. The Stoic philosophy proved universally applicable by people in all walks of life in Rome and certainly was intended for all. It spoke to universal aspects of the human condition then and still speaks to us today.
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Post by 溪山 on Feb 24, 2019 0:36:12 GMT -5
Seneca 塞內卡 卢修斯·阿奈乌斯·塞內卡或辛尼加 (拉丁语:Lucius Annaeus Seneca,约前4年-65年),古羅馬時代著名的科爾多瓦斯多亞學派哲學家、政治家、劇作家。曾任尼祿皇帝的導師及顧問,62年因躲避政治鬥爭而引退,但仍於65年被尼祿逼迫,以切開血管的方式自殺。塞內卡主张:提高道德、智慧,保持精神上的安宁是人唯一的任务,鼓吹禁欲主义,要求人们放弃现实生活和欲望,等待神的启示和精神上的解脱。由于塞内卡的这种思想对未来基督教影响较大,被德国哲学家恩格斯在其著作《布鲁诺·鲍威尔和早期基督教》中称为“基督教的叔父”。 --- wiki www.51flash.com/lizhishuji/11760.html哲学的慰藉:论愤怒阿兰·德波顿在《哲学的慰藉》一书中关于愤怒的描述是这样写的: 1、塞内卡认为怒气并非源自失控的激烈情绪爆发,而是源自于一个基本的和可改正的推理错误。理性并非总是控制我们的行为(p99)。 2、导致我们怒气的,是那种我们自以为别人或世界应该如何的想法(p.100)。也就是说,如果他人或世界没有按照我所预计的希望进行,则会导致怒气。 3、会发怒的人相信生命中不应该有挫折,一旦出现挫折,则会产生怒气(p.101)。 4、一旦我们不再满怀希望则不会易于发怒(p.102) 5、当我们受到伤害时相信伤害我们的东西是蓄意的时候则会将“而”的连结法变成“为了”,(pp122-128)例如,健康的想法:建筑工人敲敲打打“而”我正在生气。而不健康的想法则是,工人敲敲打打是“为了”惹毛我。 6、在精神上自卑的人容易相信所遭遇到的挫败背后存在着对嘲笑的恐惧,然后相信某人或某事蓄意伤害我们。举例,居鲁士大帝对付河流(p.125) 7、在生气前,询问自己别人这样的动机是否是因为不可避免的理由而延迟回讯导致惹脑了我们(p.125)。 8、对一件事情产生厌恶不代表需要产生怒气(p.128) 9、将某件非必然之事视为必然容易导致怒气(p.132)。 10、当痛苦之事无法避免时兴然接受而非气愤的或痛苦的屈服于必然(p.133)如此一来便不容易产生怒气 11、理性将帮助一个人接受一件无法接受的事。 文中所标的数字,为阿兰·德波顿《哲学的慰藉》一书中文页码。
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Post by 溪山 on Feb 27, 2019 2:06:12 GMT -5
馬爾庫斯·奧列里烏斯(拉丁語:Marcus Aurelius,121年4月26日-180年3月17日),全名為馬爾庫斯·奧列里烏斯·安敦宁·奧古斯都(拉丁語:Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus。擁有凱撒稱號(拉丁語:Imperator Caesar)的他是羅馬帝國五賢帝時代最後一個皇帝,於161年至180年在位。有「哲學家皇帝」的美譽。 馬爾庫斯·奧列里烏斯是羅馬帝國最偉大的皇帝之一,同時也是著名的斯多葛派哲學家,其统治时期被认为是罗马黄金时代的标志。他不但是一個很有智慧的君主,同時也是一個很有成就的思想家,有以希臘文寫成的关于斯多葛哲学的著作《沉思錄》(Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν)傳世。在整個西方文明之中,奧列里烏斯也算是一個少見的賢君。 --- wiki Marcus Aurelius Quotes
Marcus Aurelius-Best Lecture on Stoicism EVER! (full Virtual University lesson)
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Post by 溪山 on Mar 5, 2019 22:24:19 GMT -5
Epictetus and Stoicism: The Wisdom of the Slave Philosopher Epictetus (/ˌɛpɪkˈtiːtəs/;[1] Greek: Ἐπίκτητος, Epíktētos; c. 55 – 135 AD) was a Greek Stoic philosopher. He was born a slave at Hierapolis, Phrygia (present day Pamukkale, Turkey) and lived in Rome until his banishment, when he went to Nicopolis in northwestern Greece for the rest of his life. His teachings were written down and published by his pupil Arrian in his Discourses and Enchiridion. Epictetus taught that philosophy is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline. To Epictetus, all external events are beyond our control; we should accept calmly and dispassionately whatever happens. However, individuals are responsible for their own actions, which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline.愛比克泰德(希臘語:Επίκτητος,55年-135年),古罗马新斯多噶派哲學家。他出生时可能是个奴隶身份,生在弗里吉亚的希拉波利斯(Hierapolis,今土耳其棉堡),他早年生活在罗马,后被驱逐到希腊西北部的Nicopolis,直至去世,他一生大部分时间都在这里度过。他的本名無從考證。後人稱呼他為ἐπίκτητος,這個詞在希臘文中有「養成的」「後天的」之意。 童年时以奴隶身份来到罗马,有一個說法稱他的主人故意打斷他的腿[1],亦有說法稱他自小就是跛子。[2]后来他被主人释放。他从师于斯多葛学派教师鲁弗斯(Rufus)学习哲学,并在罗马教学,直到公元90年被罗马皇帝赶出罗马,于是他便退居于伊壁鲁斯的尼柯波里,在那里写作和讲学,并于此处与世长辞。他的一个叫阿利安的学生编纂了爱比克泰德《语录》(Discourses)和《手册》(Enchiridion),从而积存了他的思想。 --- wiki Epictetus Quotes
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Post by 溪山 on Mar 9, 2019 19:04:25 GMT -5
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Post by 溪山 on Mar 25, 2020 0:36:21 GMT -5
Seneca 塞內卡 卢修斯·阿奈乌斯·塞內卡或辛尼加 (拉丁语:Lucius Annaeus Seneca,约前4年-65年),古羅馬時代著名的科爾多瓦斯多亞學派哲學家、政治家、劇作家。曾任尼祿皇帝的導師及顧問,62年因躲避政治鬥爭而引退,但仍於65年被尼祿逼迫,以切開血管的方式自殺。塞內卡主张:提高道德、智慧,保持精神上的安宁是人唯一的任务,鼓吹禁欲主义,要求人们放弃现实生活和欲望,等待神的启示和精神上的解脱。由于塞内卡的这种思想对未来基督教影响较大,被德国哲学家恩格斯在其著作《布鲁诺·鲍威尔和早期基督教》中称为“基督教的叔父”。 --- wiki www.51flash.com/lizhishuji/11760.html哲学的慰藉:论愤怒阿兰·德波顿在《哲学的慰藉》一书中关于愤怒的描述是这样写的: 1、塞内卡认为怒气并非源自失控的激烈情绪爆发,而是源自于一个基本的和可改正的推理错误。理性并非总是控制我们的行为(p99)。 2、导致我们怒气的,是那种我们自以为别人或世界应该如何的想法(p.100)。也就是说,如果他人或世界没有按照我所预计的希望进行,则会导致怒气。 3、会发怒的人相信生命中不应该有挫折,一旦出现挫折,则会产生怒气(p.101)。 4、一旦我们不再满怀希望则不会易于发怒(p.102) 5、当我们受到伤害时相信伤害我们的东西是蓄意的时候则会将“而”的连结法变成“为了”,(pp122-128)例如,健康的想法:建筑工人敲敲打打“而”我正在生气。而不健康的想法则是,工人敲敲打打是“为了”惹毛我。 6、在精神上自卑的人容易相信所遭遇到的挫败背后存在着对嘲笑的恐惧,然后相信某人或某事蓄意伤害我们。举例,居鲁士大帝对付河流(p.125) 7、在生气前,询问自己别人这样的动机是否是因为不可避免的理由而延迟回讯导致惹脑了我们(p.125)。 8、对一件事情产生厌恶不代表需要产生怒气(p.128) 9、将某件非必然之事视为必然容易导致怒气(p.132)。 10、当痛苦之事无法避免时兴然接受而非气愤的或痛苦的屈服于必然(p.133)如此一来便不容易产生怒气 11、理性将帮助一个人接受一件无法接受的事。 文中所标的数字,为阿兰·德波顿《哲学的慰藉》一书中文页码。 oldcoat.freeforums.net/thread/814/waves-same-sea"这次意大利是疫情重灾区,小米在援助意大利的口罩箱上也用了这招,贴了一句古罗马哲学家塞涅卡(Lucius Annaeus Seneca)名言,分别用了意大利语和英文: 意大利语:Siamo onde dello stesso mare, foglie dello stesso albero, fiori dello stesso giardino 英语:We are waves of the same sea, leaves of the same tree, flowers of the same garden" 但有说小米张冠李戴.
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