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Post by 花雨 on Apr 22, 2017 19:13:07 GMT -5
zt: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_chain_of_beingThe great chain of being is a strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by God. The chain starts from God and progresses downward to angels, demons (fallen/renegade angels), stars, moon, kings, princes, nobles, commoners, wild animals, domesticated animals, trees, other plants, precious stones, precious metals, and other minerals. The great chain of being (Latin: scala naturae, "ladder of being") is a concept derived from Plato, Aristotle (in his Historia animalium), Plotinus, and Proclus. Further developed during the Middle Ages, it reached full expression in early modern Neoplatonism. ....... 存在锁链(英语:Chain of being),18世纪欧州神学的概念,是自上而下万物的分级。在“存在锁链”中,上帝居首,其下有九个等级的天使,天使之下是人类,其下为动物、植物、矿物。锁链中任何一环都不可上下移动,随意移动位置会破坏整个宇宙的秩序条理,违反天意。
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Post by 花雨 on Apr 22, 2017 19:17:00 GMT -5
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Post by 溪山 on May 11, 2017 23:54:13 GMT -5
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Post by 溪山 on May 11, 2017 23:58:49 GMT -5
上帝在存在链的top。
女人是不幸的,在家要服从父亲,出嫁后要服从丈夫。莎翁的剧中贯穿着存在链。 中国的三纲五常也是存在链。
To the woman he said, "I will make your pains in childbearing very severe; with painful labor you will give birth to children. Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you." ---- Genesis 3:16
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Post by 溪山 on May 12, 2017 0:09:26 GMT -5
荷兰有个诗人叫 Jacob Cats, 和莎翁差不多同时代。 据说文艺复兴时期,荷兰人家家都有他的书Houwelyck, 即marriage.
Two poems from Jacoh Cats's Houwelyck (1625)
An upright woman should in all matters Express her husband's views most closely. It is a great virtue, an adornment for a spouse, To drink her husband in, and to speak him out.
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The man must be on the street to practice his trade, The wife must stay at home to be in the kitchen. The diligent practice of street wisdom may in the man be praised, But with the delicate wife, there should be quiet and steady ways. So you, industrious husband, go to earn your living While you, O young wife, attend to your household.
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Jacob Cats (10 November 1577 – 12 September 1660) was a Dutch poet, humorist, jurist and politician. He is most famous for his emblem books.
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Post by 溪山 on May 12, 2017 0:15:00 GMT -5
To drink her husband in, and to speak him out. --- 对丈夫唯命是从。不能有自己的思想。 The wife must stay at home to be in the kitchen. --- 只能围着锅台转。 中国话就是,女子无才便是德。 正如Shakespeare in Love 中所演, 那时女子是不能登台演出的。 那时的女画家还不能画nude model. 比如 Sofonisba Anguissola,因缺乏必要的人体画training, 无法创作大型的历史画: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofonisba_Anguissola
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Post by 静水无痕 on May 12, 2017 14:49:31 GMT -5
那时候做女人真是可怜。不论是在中国还是在国外。 想起毛时代造反闹革命,宣传的口号就是 : 统治阶级为了稳固他们的地位,制造出精神鸦片来麻痹人民。 "The great chain of being" 一定是精神鸦片之一。 如 此人人安分守己,接受命运安排,天下太平。
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Post by 溪山 on May 13, 2017 20:33:27 GMT -5
“那时候做女人真是可怜。不论是在中国还是在国外。” --- 是呀。 革命尚未成功,女权主义者仍需努力。 静水记忆力真好。赞。:) 莎剧中,总是试图撼动生存巨链,但最终一切回归秩序。 比如《仲夏夜之梦》中,Hermia 违背父旨欲与Lysander 私奔。最后 Theseus(Duke of Athens) 一言九鼎, overruled the will of Hermia's Dad, 有情人终成眷属。 中国话说"人微言轻"。莎剧中,生存巨链最底层的小人物台词巨短: PEASEBLOSSOM Ready. COBWEB And I. MOTH And I. MUSTARDSEED And I.
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Post by 溪山 on May 18, 2017 1:18:49 GMT -5
莎剧中人物的对话等级,按speaker 在great chain of being 中的地位划分, 最高层为blank verse, 最低层为prose. 莎剧中的很多名段为 blank verse。 1. blank verse(non-rhymed iambic pentameter) 2. rhymed iambic pentameter (5 feet per line) 3. rhymed iambic tetrameter (4 feet per line) 4. rhymed iambic dimeter (2 feet) 5. prose 例子参见: Iambic Pentameter; Rhymed Verse; Catalectic Trochaic Tetrameter; Prose www.shmoop.com/midsummer-nights-dream/writing-style.html
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Post by 溪山 on Jun 11, 2017 18:04:57 GMT -5
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